5-MeO-DMT for post-traumatic stress disorder: a real-world longitudinal case study

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5-MeO-DMT for post-traumatic stress disorder: a real-world longitudinal case study

The main composition of dry toad, toad skin and toad clothing compared to toad venom is basically the same; however, the difference in the concentration of the components is large. Thus, the differences in pharmacological functions and clinical applications of the varied toad medicines are very distinct. However, the antidote might not be required in all instances of toad poisoning, especially for ingesting the animal itself rather than the processed or dried toxin. Further study and more patient data are needed to determine the specific indications for and doses of DsFab for toad poisoning. At the first presentation, 34 patients reported GI symptoms including nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain -after ingestion. The other two patients did not have GI symptoms noted in their records; one presented with cardiac arrest and the other had agitation with severe bradycardia and developed cardiac arrest shortly after arrival in the emergency room (ER).

No ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation were bufotoxin effects on humans detected in any of the patients. Structurally, bufotenine is an indole hallucinogen that is capable of blocking the action of serotonin, which is the indole amine transmitter of nerve impulses and can be found in normal brain tissue (and in toad poison). Bufotenine also functions as a powerful constrictor of blood vessels, causing a rise in blood pressure.

• In this case, our urban toads may have had a faster machinery for this process, allowing them to respond more rapidly to a predator attack (i.e. a human squeezing their parotoids).
• Prevention of gastrointestinal absorption is recommended with emesis, gastric lavage, activated charcoal, and cathartics.
• Increased vigilance and prompt initiation of life supportive measures with definite treatment with digoxin specific Fab fragments can be life saving.
• The swab was immediately placed into a microcentrifuge tube filled with 1 mL HPLC-grade absolute methanol.
• It is possible that anthropogenic environments exert complex selection forces on toads’ chemical defences because of spatio-temporal heterogeneity in pollution27 and predation risk44, which should then favour the evolution and maintenance of phenotypic plasticity9.
• We also highlighted advances in the structure-modification of the structure of compounds in this class.

Regardless, more data is needed to characterize the phenomenology of 5-MeO-DMT, and how this compares to other psychedelics. This is particularly important for optimizing facilitation and harm reduction practices, in helping patients navigate psychedelic states, as well as for targeting PTSD and chronic stress pathology. Psychedelic therapy is, arguably, the next frontier in psychiatry. It offers a radical alternative to longstanding, mainstays of treatment, while exciting a paradigm shift in translational science and drug discovery. There is particular interest in 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT)—a serotonergic psychedelic—as a novel, fast-acting therapeutic.

In adults, parotoid area was significantly larger in animals captured from urban as well as agricultural habitats compared to toads from natural habitats (Table 1, Fig. 2). In contrast, juveniles originating from agricultural habitats had significantly smaller parotoids than juveniles from natural habitats (Table 1, Fig. 2, Table S6), while toadlets from urban habitats had similar parotoid size as toadlets from natural habitats (Table 1, Fig. 2, Table S6). The moisture content of toad skin was 10.99% on an average, the total ash content on an average was 13.21%, the acid insoluble ash content was 4.58% on an average, the CB and RBG contents were 0.13% and 0.03%, respectively 17. Yan Ziping 18 performed 10 times the amount of 80% ethanol reflux extraction of toad skin, the average concentration of CBG and RBG, in the preparation of the extract, was 0.20% and 0.11%, respectively.

Toads frequently “milked”

• Serum immunoassays for digoxin may cross react with the toad venom resulting in increased digoxin concentrations.
• It has green-gray-brown skin covered with lumps that produce bufadienolides.
• These responses may constitute non-adaptive consequences of pollution by endocrine-disrupting chemicals as well as adaptive adjustments to the altered predator assemblages of urban and agricultural habitats.
• We found that, compared to toads captured from natural habitats, adults from both types of anthropogenic habitats had larger toxin glands (parotoids) and their toxin secretion contained higher concentrations of bufagenins, the more potent class of bufadienolide toxins.
• It consists of α1 and α2 subunits which are present in the ciliary body epithelium.
• It has also been confirmed that BL causes cell death in human colon cancer cell lines, HT-29 and Caco-2, by inducing autophagy and not by inducing apoptosis.

If you experience vomiting, dizziness or chest pain, call Triple Zero (000) or get someone to take you to the nearest hospital.

Laboratory studies may show hyperkalaemia and a detectable digoxin concentration. Serum immunoassays for digoxin may cross react with the toad venom resulting in increased digoxin concentrations. But unlike digoxin, the concentration by itself is not important or predictive of the clinical outcome. Table 1 outlines a suggested approach to treating patients with toad venom poisoning.

Toad venom poisoning: resemblance to digoxin toxicity and therapeutic implications

In this case, our urban toads may have had a faster machinery for this process, allowing them to respond more rapidly to a predator attack (i.e. a human squeezing their parotoids). Clarifying the avenues by which anthropogenic environments affect toad chemical defences will take more detailed studies on their toxin physiology. The parotoid is by far the largest toxin gland in toads, and larger parotoids contain more toxins12,18. Thus, our finding that adult toads had larger parotoids in urban and agricultural habitats than in natural habitats suggests that the total amount of stored toxins was higher in the animals captured from anthropogenic habitats.

Materials and Methods

From a clinical standpoint, 5-MeO-DMT shows signals of benefit to mental health and well-being (3, 4). However, there is a paucity of evidence in the field, particularly for trauma- and stress-related psychopathology. The effect of RBG, in toad venom, on cardiac function is stronger, followed by BL and CBG. Studies have shown that the impact of CBG on anesthesia, blood pressure, and normal cardiac function is not obvious; however, there is a positive effect on the artificial blood loss-induced hypotension of the drug. There is an increase in cardiac output and an increase in arterial pressure, but the impact on the heart rate is not obvious 25. The inhibitory effect of the toad venom on Na+-K+ ATPase in red blood cells is very strong, and leads to an increased myocardial intracellular Na+ concentration.

While the mechanism underlying her therapeutic response is unknown, it may be explained, in part, by the epistemological or ‘noetic quality’ of mystical states, occasioned by 5-MeO-DMT (39). These psychological states are characteristic of psychedelics, namely serotonergic compounds (39); have been shown to correlate, mediate, and predict therapeutic efficacy (40); and include feelings of transcendence, ego dissolution, and ineffability as well as unity, love, and peace (41). Thus, people have rated mystical experiences in their top five most important life events, in terms of personal meaning and spiritual significance, next to giving birth or losing a loved one (42, 43). These effects can persist up to 30 years after taking a psychedelic (44). In the present case study, the subject described the mystical effects of 5-MeO-DMT as both substantial and enduring.

Induction of apoptosis of tumor cells

She noticed that her eyes were red and that her vision was very blurry. The oral LD50 of toad venom is 0.36 mg/kg, and the common adult clinical oral dose is 3-5 mg/day (the maximum dose cannot exceed 135 mg/day) 64. He Shilin 65 confirmed the LD50 of toad venom extracts by different fabrication processes. Intravenous injection of mice produced a rough extract of 0.04 g/kg of toad venom, an alcohol extract of 0.21 g/kg, and a water extract of 0.9 g/kg of toad venom.

Data Sharing Statement

Bone sarcoma cells, U2OS, treated with BL for 48 h, display condensed chromatin and have the typical apoptotic body that increases with the increase in the concentration of BL. This indicates the cytotoxicity of BL and its effect on promoting apoptosis 47. BL has an effect on target-induced tumor cell apoptosis, for example, BL can increase the expression of the Bax protein and lower the Bel-2 protein levels, to induce the apoptosis of tumor cells (eg, U2OS, HL60, HepG2, A549) 48.

Angel of human health: current research updates in toad medicine

Changes in toxicity can affect not only the defended animal’s survival12 but also other species’; for example, predators can suffer serious mortality when consuming unusually toxic prey which can lead to predator population declines13. GI symptoms and bradycardia were commonly seen in patients with toad poisoning; severe cases can be fatal. The main therapies for this type of poisoning might be supportive and symptomatic care, especially if DsFab is unavailable.